What is bordetella?
Bordetella (Bd) is a highly infectious disease that causes kennel cough in dogs. The disease is caused by the bacteria Bordetella bronchiseptica and can be a primary cause of respiratory disease in cats or it may run as a concurrent infection with viral infections such as calicivirus and feline herpesvirus.
Bordetella bronchiseptica is related to Bordetella pertussis, which is responsible for whooping cough in humans.
It is more commonly a problem in multi-cat households.
Transmission
Aerosol: Respiratory secretions (sneezing and/or coughing)
Direct contact: Multi-cat households, boarding catteries, and shelters may be at greater risk than single cat households due to the high infectiousness of this disease.
Fomites: Inanimate objects such as floors, bedding, toys, litter trays and food/water bowls.
As well as cat to cat transmission, dogs can also pass the disease on to cats.
Symptoms
The incubation period for bordetella is between 3 – 10 days.
Infection in adults is usually mild, however, the infection can be more serious in kittens who can appear fine one moment and rapidly progress to bronchopneumonia.
Symptoms of bordetella are similar to that of other causes of upper respiratory infections.
- Coughing has been reported, but this may not be as common as it is in dogs
- Sneezing
- Nasal discharge
- Ocular (eye) discharge
- Fever
- Loss of appetite
- Depression
- Submandibular lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes under the jaw)
A cat can be a carrier, which means they carry and can pass on the infection but do not show clinical symptoms.
Diagnosis
The veterinarian will perform a complete physical examination and obtain a medical history from you. It is not possible to diagnose bordetella by presenting symptoms and diagnostic tests will be necessary to determine the pathogen.
Swabs of ocular or nasal discharge will be taken and cultured to isolate the bacteria.
It is harder to diagnose Bordetella in carrier cats as the bacteria is only shed intermittently, therefore they can return negative test results.
Treatment
Your veterinarian will prescribe a course of antibiotics to treat bordetella.
Severely affected cats will need supportive care which may include fluids, nutritional support and wipe away ocular or nasal secretions with clean, damp gauze.
Disinfection
Bordetella doesn’t survive for long in the environment. The following disinfectants are effective against bordetella.
- Bleach (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite or sodium dichloroisocyanurate)
- Trifectant or Virkon-Potassium peroxomonosulfate
- TriGene-Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, polyhexanide (biguanide)
- Ethanol 75%